All run commands

Accessibility Controls	access.cpl
Add Hardware Wizard	hdwwiz.cpl
Add/Remove Programs	appwiz.cpl
Administrative Tools	control admintools
Automatic Updates	wuaucpl.cpl
Bluetooth Transfer Wizard	fsquirt
Calculator	calc
Certificate Manager	certmgr.msc
Character Map	charmap
Check Disk Utility	chkdsk
Clipboard Viewer	clipbrd
Command Prompt	cmd
Component Services	dcomcnfg
Computer Management	compmgmt.msc
timedate.cpl	ddeshare
Device Manager	devmgmt.msc
Direct X Control Panel (If Installed)*	directx.cpl
Direct X Troubleshooter	dxdiag
Disk Cleanup Utility	cleanmgr
Disk Defragment	dfrg.msc
Disk Management	diskmgmt.msc
Disk Partition Manager	diskpart
Display Properties	control desktop
Display Properties	desk.cpl
Display Properties (w/Appearance Tab Preselected)	control color
Dr. Watson System Troubleshooting Utility	drwtsn32
Driver Verifier Utility	verifier
Event Viewer	eventvwr.msc
File Signature Verification Tool	sigverif
Findfast	findfast.cpl
Folders Properties	control folders
Fonts	control fonts
Fonts Folder	fonts
Free Cell Card Game	freecell
Game Controllers	joy.cpl
Group Policy Editor (XP Prof)	gpedit.msc
Hearts Card Game	mshearts
Iexpress Wizard	iexpress
Indexing Service	ciadv.msc
Internet Properties	inetcpl.cpl
IP Configuration (Display Connection Configuration)	ipconfig /all
IP Configuration (Display DNS Cache Contents)	ipconfig /displaydns
IP Configuration (Delete DNS Cache Contents)	ipconfig /flushdns
IP Configuration (Release All Connections)	ipconfig /release
IP Configuration (Renew All Connections)	ipconfig /renew
IP Configuration (Refreshes DHCP & Re-Registers DNS)	ipconfig /registerdns
IP Configuration (Display DHCP Class ID)	ipconfig /showclassid
IP Configuration (Modifies DHCP Class ID)	ipconfig /setclassid
Java Control Panel (If Installed)	jpicpl32.cpl
Java Control Panel (If Installed)	javaws
Keyboard Properties	control keyboard
Local Security Settings	secpol.msc
Local Users and Groups	lusrmgr.msc
Logs You Out Of Windows	logoff
Microsoft Chat	winchat
Minesweeper Game	winmine
Mouse Properties	control mouse
Mouse Properties	main.cpl
Network Connections	control netconnections
Network Connections	ncpa.cpl
Network Setup Wizard	netsetup.cpl
Notepad	notepad
Nview Desktop Manager (If Installed)	nvtuicpl.cpl
Object Packager	packager
ODBC Data Source Administrator	odbccp32.cpl
On Screen Keyboard	osk
Opens AC3 Filter (If Installed)	ac3filter.cpl
Password Properties	password.cpl
Performance Monitor	perfmon.msc
Performance Monitor	perfmon
Phone and Modem Options	telephon.cpl
Power Configuration	powercfg.cpl
Printers and Faxes	control printers
Printers Folder	printers
Private Character Editor	eudcedit
Quicktime (If Installed)	QuickTime.cpl
Regional Settings	intl.cpl
Registry Editor	regedit
Registry Editor	regedit32
Remote Desktop	mstsc
Removable Storage	ntmsmgr.msc
Removable Storage Operator Requests	ntmsoprq.msc
Resultant Set of Policy (XP Prof)	rsop.msc
Scanners and Cameras	sticpl.cpl
Scheduled Tasks	control schedtasks
Security Center	wscui.cpl
Services	services.msc
Shared Folders	fsmgmt.msc
Shuts Down Windows	shutdown
Sounds and Audio	mmsys.cpl
Spider Solitare Card Game	spider
SQL Client Configuration	cliconfg
System Configuration Editor	sysedit
System Configuration Utility	msconfig
System File Checker Utility (Scan Immediately)	sfc /scannow
System File Checker Utility (Scan Once At Next Boot)	sfc /scanonce
System File Checker Utility (Scan On Every Boot)	sfc /scanboot
System File Checker Utility (Return to Default Setting)	sfc /revert
System File Checker Utility (Purge File Cache)	sfc /purgecache
System File Checker Utility (Set Cache Size to size x)	sfc /cachesize=x
System Properties	sysdm.cpl
Task Manager	taskmgr
Telnet Client	telnet
User Account Management	nusrmgr.cpl
Utility Manager	utilman
Windows Firewall	firewall.cpl
Windows Magnifier	magnify
Windows Management Infrastructure	wmimgmt.msc
Windows System Security Tool	syskey
Windows Update Launches	wupdmgr
Windows XP Tour Wizard	tourstart
Wordpad	write

Plz free to Comment below...

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Bluetooth Technology

Hi folkz..every time we are coming with different techniques..But today I am sharing a  technology which we are using daily life i.e, BLUETOOTH

Bluetooth is a wireless technology that enables any electrical device to wirelessly communicate in the range of 2.5 GHz ISM frequency band. Mobile phones, headsets, PDA's and portable computers can communicate and send data to each other without wires or cables to link to devices together. The name of Bluetooth derived from the name of an English king Harold Bluetooth.

It a low cost, low power, radio technology, which is particularly suited to the short range Personal Area Network (PAN) application. Bluetooth Special Interest Group is authorized to develop its specifications & license.

The Main Features of Bluetooth are given below:

* It operates in the 2.4GHz frequency band without having a license for wireless communication.

* Up to 10-100 meters data can be transfer in real time.

* Close proximity & accuracy is not required for Bluetooth as in case of infrared data (IrDA) communication device. Bluetooth does not suffer from interference from obstacles such as walls while infrared suffers due to obstacles.

* Bluetooth supports both point-to-point and point-to-multipoint wireless connectionswithout cables between mobile phones and personal computers.

* Data transfer rate of blue tooth varies from version to version. Data rate of 1 Mbps for Version 1.2 Up to 3 Mbps for Version 2.0.

Then major parts of Bluetooth system are RF transceiver, base band, and protocol stack. Bluetooth is used for small-area networking without user intervention. Due to extremely low transmission power in Bluetooth technique battery power is saved. It is a networking standard that works at two levels:

· Physical level.

· Protocol level

Due to these levels mobiles have to agree on these levels when bits are sent. It decides the amount of data to be sent at a time, and how the parties in a conversation can be sure that the message received is the same as the message sent.

Bluetooth networking transmits data through low-power radio waves. It can connect up to eight devices simultaneously. With in the range of about ten meters you must think that the devices will not interfere with each other. Bluetooth solved the problem of devices interference while sending the data by using the technique of Spread-Spectrum Frequency Hopping due to which devices may transfer data at the same frequency at the same time. The question rises here is how Bluetooth send the same data using same frequency band without devices interferences? In Bluetooth technique, transmitters change frequencies 1,600 times in every second. In this way devices can make full use of a limited band of the radio spectrum.

When Bluetooth devices came into the range of each other, conversations take place automatically. This conversation automatically determines whether they have the data to share or not. In this way Bluetooth devices not only share the data but also control the data to be transferred. When the connection is established, the devices either they are part of a computer system or a network, Bluetooth systems create a personal-area network.

The technology used in Bluetooth also provides security in three ways:

· Pseudo-random frequency hopping,

· Authentication,

· Encryption.

Frequency hops make it difficult for anyone to eavesdrop. Authentication allows a user to limit connectivity to specified devices. Encryption uses secret keys to make data intelligible only to authorized parties.

Service-level security and device-level security work together to protect Bluetooth devices from unauthorized data transmission.

Many serious problems create only due to improper security issues. Some of them are given below:

* Blue jacking

* Blue bugging

* Car Whisperer

Blue Jacking

It is used to send a business card in the form of text message via Bluetooth to other users. It should be noted that the distance between two users is not more than 10 meters. If the user doesn't found the proper text, he should add the contact to his phone book. After saving his contact in his address book retry to send the same message. In this way the user can get business card from other user via Bluetooth. It’s all because of the known destination from where the massage is being coming.

Blue Bugging

Due to this hackers can access user’s phone. It not only access one’s mobile phone, but also use its features including placing call, messaging. Even though the user doesn't realize it’s happening.

Car Whisperer

Car whisper is a type of software due to which hackers can send and receive audio file from a Bluetooth-enabled car stereo.

Plz free to comment below..

ThanK You for Visiting...

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Basic Unix / Linux shortcut keys

Hi friend z...every time we are with different tricks..but today I Am presenting a simple and basic short cut keys for Linux/Unix Operating system that you must know.........                                                    

Keyboard shortcut keys 

CTRL + B	Moves the cursor backward one character.
CTRL + C	Cancels the currently running command.
CTRL + D	Logs out of the current session.
CTRL + F	Moves the cursor forward one character.
CTRL + H	Erase one character. Similar to pressing backspace.
CTRL + P	Paste previous line and/or lines.
CTRL + S	Stops all output on screen (XOFF).
CTRL + Q	Turns all output stopped on screen back on (XON).
CTRL + U	Erases the complete line.
CTRL + W	Deletes the last word typed in. For example, if you typed 'mv file1 file2' this shortcut would delete file2.
CTRL + Z	Cancels current operation, moves back a directory and/or takes the current operation and moves it to the background. See bg commandfor additional information about background.

Command line shortcuts

In addition to the below command line shortcuts, it is also helpful to use the alias command that allows you to specify a keyword for frequently used commands or mistakes.

~	Moves to the user's home directory.
!!	Repeats the line last entered at the shell. See history command for previous commands.
!$	Repeats the last argument for the command last used. See history command for previous commands.
reset	Resets the terminal if terminal screen is not displaying correctly.
shutdown -h now

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12 Most Interesting Computer Facts must Learn

Hi  Friends now a days every one was PC/Laptop but dont know about the basic facts.So, today we are going to  highlight 12 interesting computer Facts that you might not be knowing it before,
lets see them now.

1)Over 6,000 new computer viruses are released every month.

2)The first computer mouse, constructed in 1964, was made out of wood.(by Doug    Engelbart)

3)The average human being blinks 20 times a minute – but only 7 times a minute    when using a computer.

4)The first electro-mechanical computer was developed in 1939.

5)By the end of 2012 there will be 17 billion devices connected to the internet.

6)5 out of every 6 internet pages are porn related.

7)Over 1 million domain names are registered every month.

8)With it’s 800 million interent users, Facebook would be the third largest country     in the World.

9)The first hard drive was created in 1979 and could hold 5MB of data.

10)The nVidia GeForce 6800 Ultra video card contains 222 million transistors.

11)20% of online viruses are released by organized crime units.

12 The engineers who developed the IBM PC were known as “The Dirty Dozen”

ThanQ for Visiting..Plz Comment...

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What is meant by MALWARE ?

What is Malware?

So what is Malware? Short for malicious software, malware is as old as software itself, and  programmers have been authoring it for as long as they have been authoring legitimate software. There are many reasons why a programmer might create malware. These reasons vary from simple pranks and experiments to serious organized Internet crime. Malware exists in many forms, most of which you’ve probably already heard of. The most common types of malware are viruses, trojans, worms, spyware and zombies.

This article will cover the inner workings of the most common types of malware, and will also explain why malware is created and the kind of damage that it can inflict on individuals, corporations and governments.

Viruses

As was mentioned earlier, malware manifests itself in different forms; the most well-known is the virus.

Computer viruses are similar to their biological counterparts because they are capable of self-replication. The prime motivation of a virus is not to cause damage, but to clone itself onto another host so that it can spread further. If a virus causes damage it is more likely to be detected, and for this reason virus authors employ stealth techniques to keep it unnoticed. A good virus has a very small footprint and can remain undetected for a very long time.

Damage is not always a side-effect of infection. Sometimes damage has been purposely built-in by the programmer. Some viruses are time activated; they silently spread for a number of days, months or years and will suddenly activate and do damage on one particular date. Other viruses are event driven. They will activate when something particular happens on a host, or when a command is sent to them via a covert Internet channel.

Worms

Worms are very similar to viruses in many ways. The biggest difference between a worm and a virus is that worms are network-aware. A virus finds it very easy to replicate itself amongst files on the same computer, however it has a hard time jumping from one computer to another. A worm overcomes this computer-to-computer hurdle by seeking new hosts on the network and attempting to infect them.

This is an important difference: in the past viruses could take years before moving from one corporation to another, or from one country to another. Worms are capable of going global in a matter of seconds. This makes it very hard for them to be controlled and stopped.

Trojans

The purpose of a trojan is to conceal itself inside software that seems legitimate. The term ‘trojan’ is derived from the Trojan Horse story in Greek mythology, which explains how the Greeks were able to enter the fortified city of Troy by hiding their soldiers in a big wooden horse given to the Trojans as a gift. The Trojans were very fond of horses and trusted the gift blindly. In the night, the soldiers emerged and attacked the city from the inside.

The disguises that a trojan can take are only limited by the programmer’s imagination. A common trick is to conceal the trojan inside a seemingly harmless game. Trojans also come disguised as videos, pictures and even legitimate software packages. In each case, the disguise is something designed to tempt into running it on his or her machine.

Cyber-crooks often use viruses, trojans and worms together. They design a trojan that ‘drops’ a virus or worm onto the victim’s computer thus initiating a brand new infection. This virus or worm is usually called the ‘payload’ of the trojan. Trojans also drop spyware, a type of malware that I will explain next.

Spyware

The primary function of spyware is to snoop on a user’s activity and send back the information it gathers to a hacker. Spyware does not have any infection mechanisms. It is usually dropped by trojans (and also by viruses and worms). Once dropped, it installs itself on the victim’s computer and sits there silently to avoid detection.

Once spyware is successfully installed it will begin collecting information. It is very common for spyware to log all the keys that the user types. This type of spyware is called a keylogger and can capture interesting information such as user names, passwords, credit card numbers and email addresses. Keyloggers capture every key stroke, so entire emails, documents and chats can be read by the malicious hacker.

There are more sophisticated forms of spyware that hook themselves to the network interface and siphon off all network data that enters or leaves the infected computer. This allows the hacker to capture entire network sessions giving them access to files, digital certificates, encryption keys and other sensitive information.

Zombies

A zombie works in a similar way to spyware. The infection mechanisms remain the same, however the scope is different. A zombie does not usually collect information from the computer. Instead, it just sits there waiting for commands from the hacker. At times, hackers can infect tens of thousands of computers, turning them into zombie machines. Each of these machines is now at the disposal of the hacker who usually issues commands so that all of them instantaneously send network requests to a target host, overwhelming it with traffic. This is called a distributed denial of service attack and is usually successful, even against the largest Internet organizations.

Infected Websites

Recently security experts have noticed a new and scary trend in malware – website infections. When a website is infected, all the visitors to that particular website can potentially catch the bug and further spread the malware. Websites are very vulnerable, they are much more exposed than normal users. They are directly connected to the world wide web and are continuously serving content to anonymous users, furthermore they are processing many requests, some of which might be malicious. New malware has now emerged that takes advantages of bugs in frameworks and their plug-ins; popular frameworks like WordPress and Joomla have vulnerabilities that allow them to be exploited and used as virus-serving mechanisms. Sometimes malware does not infect a website automatically, but a hacker breaks into the site and implants the malware manually. His reasons for doing so are explained in detail in the next sections.

If your website gets infected the damage can be devastating. Your website can be restored, but the trust of your users and customers can easily be destroyed. Furthermore, if you are discovered serving malware your site will be blacklisted in hundreds of blacklists worldwide. Removing yourself from these blacklists is a very lenghty and difficult task, so even after you have cleaned the virus, the damage will continue to linger for a long time.

Why is malware written?

The answer to the “what is malware?” question cannot be complete without exploring the ‘why’ of its creation. By now, you should have a pretty clear idea of what type of damage can be done as a result of malware, but you might be wondering – why do programmers create malware in the first place?

Student Hackers and Cyber-crooks

In the early days of software, programmers wrote malware mostly to prank one another, or to show off their technical skills. These programmers, who were usually students had a great sense of humor but did not have much business sense. These students eventually graduated and got jobs. Their new motivation was now money, and how to make more of it using their skills. Some of these programmers learned that they can make thousands of dollars a day if they successfully exploit malware to their advantage.

These people went on to become cyber-crooks, defrauding individuals and organizations for financial gain. These criminals steal personal banking information to transfer money out of users’ bank accounts and into their own. They also launch distributed denial of service attacks against corporations and ask for money in exchange for an end to the attack.

Cyber-activism and cyber-war

Worms, zombies and distributed denial of service attacks are a good way to inflict mass damage on a global scale and are therefore very appealing to cyber-activists. These people want to get a message across and are ready to do so by utilizing any means necessary and this includes writing malware that causes damage, gets them noticed, and enables them to announce their messages and beliefs to a large audience.

Governments are also part of the game. A cyber-war between countries is raging. Some countries such as China, Syria, and America are rumored to be state-sponsoring cyber-gangs whose only purpose is to research and develop new malware techniques capable of infiltrating government agencies and infrastructures. Malware has recently been spotted in the wild that was designed to infect SCADA systems with the scope of shutting down nuclear reactors. Some reports suggest that this worm, which might have been created by the Americans, was successful in shutting down several Iranian nuclear power plant coolers.

How bad is the problem?

The malware problem is huge and is growing fast. By the end of 2010 the counter for unique malware programs stood at 14 million, with a staggering 60,000 pieces of new malicious code detected every day. Recently a worm called Koobface — which targeted people on social networks — netted its creators over 2 million dollars in just 12 months. Another worm, the Mariposa is said to have created the biggest network of zombie machines in the world. Experts could never determine its exact size, but estimated that over 12 million computers were infected. This worm dropped spyware capable of stealing sensitive information from victims, such as bank account numbers and credit card details. All this was created by a single hacker in Spain who fortunately made a mistake which exposed him and got him arrested.

The industry is fighting back. Numerous security solutions are available from many vendors that help stop malware infections. The threat however is a moving target. Hackers keep finding new ways to write bigger and better malware, the incentives are all there and the waging war is showing no signs of slowing down.

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